Fabric transfer freezer paper. Learning to use freezer paper as stencil paper can open up a whole new world of possibilities for image transfer in DIY crafting. PRINT the images using ANY home inkjet printer on one of these pretreated fabric sheets with removeable paper backing. Oh by the way you can buy freezer paper in the UK at Amazon cost is £5. Cut a piece of freezer paper a bit larger than your standard-sized paper. Mist the fabric lightly with the spray bottle. Nov 9, 2023 · Let cool. ) Let the paint dry for a few hours, then apply a second coat. Allow to dry (make take 2-3 hours to air dry, or can be sped up with a hair dryer on warm) Peel away the freezer paper stencil. Oct 22, 2021 · What is Freezer Paper for Stencils Freezer Paper for Quilting. Get the size and alignment right before you start pressing. Feed the fabric-paper you just created through your inkjet printer, making sure that the fabric is facing towards the print head. It’s best to make a little test first to check which side of the paper is printed. That used to be my favorite method – until I tested some of the new fusible adhesives out on the market and found a new favorite. Mar 23, 2024 · Tip #10: Pressing is as important as piecing. Press the waxy side of the freezer paper to your applique fabric and then accurately cut out your design. Jan 22, 2021 · Try hard to be patient and let the iron do it’s work transferring your image. Position the stencil. Iron ’em together. Freezer paper should be ready with the design from your ink jet printer on it. Iron the freezer paper into place. Jan 2, 2015 · Join Quilters Newsletter associate editor Mary Kate Karr-Petras as she demonstrates fun techniques using freezer paper for quilts, including how to use cut f Aug 20, 2023 · Keep the fabric piece on the shiny side of the freezer paper. You can now cut your fabric with precision, and you don’t have to worry May 9, 2022 · Silhouette Printable Heat Transfer Sheets for Dark Fabrics at Michaels ($10) Jump to Review. Iron the freezer paper to the fabric. Apr 3, 2019 · Step One: Iron. This makes the printer use more ink than if you had selected “glossy” or “photo paper”. Roll the lint off your fabric. Backing your fabric with freezer paper makes printing on fabric almost as easy as printing on copy paper! This tutorial is best for quilts that will not be washed frequently because the ink may not be colorfast unless you treat your fabric with Bubble Jet first. Print your desired design onto the dull side of the freezer paper. Oct 25, 2023 · Transfer paper is a specific kind of paper used to transfer images, designs, or text onto different surfaces like cloth, ceramics, or wood. Method 3: Using “Gel Medium”. You will also use your pink fabric mat and f Oct 2, 2019 · To transfer a design using transfer paper, lay the fabric face-up on a hard surface, such as a kitchen counter. } Jan 5, 2024 · Step 1. Keep the paper type at “plain paper”. Mar 17, 2010 · Use the brush to apply a coat of fabric paint inside the cut-out parts. Feed the fabric coated paper into your printer and print your design. Remove the freezer paper and set the seam by pressing on the on the right side of the fabric first. I put some Fray Check around the outside edge of the “frame” on the image. The print will come out on your freezer paper. Next, iron the second piece of freezer paper to the back of your fabric. Here is another ink jet printer option. Some printers won’t print because of the added weight but I think you could do the same process with an ordinary piece of printer paper. It is generally used to wrap and protect food that will be frozen, but quilters figured out that they could cut patterns out of the paper and lightly iron it to fabric. In this article, I will demonstrate the 6 best methods and a few tricks you can use to complete the trick. Once it is hot, iron out any wrinkles in your fabric. Step 3 – Freezer Paper Transfer. To transfer your print (it must be a laser print or copy from a photocopy machine. Lay your piece of fabric onto your ironing surface (mine is a towel on the kitchen island). Turn your iron on low and carefully iron the freezer paper stencil onto the fabric. How to print fabric with the inkjet printer. Click Here for Quilt Project. By stabilising the fabric, it allows fabric to be printed on in inkjet printers, it stops tricky jerseys from curling making it far easier to cut, it reduces the number of pins required when using delicate fabrics and is great for creating templates in quilting as once the template is cut out, the Dec 9, 2020 · Iron the fabric to make sure it is smooth before transferring. Thanks for the instructions on how to transfer patterns using the printer. Jul 3, 2023 · Light Fabric Transfer Paper. With the Silhouette Cameo, users can easily cut intricate designs from freezer paper that can then be applied to any fabric or other surface. Pin the Layers: Pin both layers of fabric together to prevent movement during cutting. Hold the page firmly and use a large spoon the burnish {rub} the area. Press it onto the back of your print that you have lying on the wood. This technique is used in t-shirt printing – so you will hear of this sheet as t-shirt transfers. Jul 26, 2019 · Printing an image onto fabric is easy using freezer paper, and the freezer paper is also the best way I have found to trace an embroidery design onto fabric. Using Freezer Paper Stencils no transfer mask. **Edited Lay your fabric onto your ironing board and place your stencil exactly where you want it with the slick, shiny side facing the fabric. To transfer the image from the paper to the material, rub backside of the image with the bowl of a spoon, pressing firmly as you rub. May 19, 2016 · Remember, freezer paper also adheres to the fabric shiny side down so do not mirror. e. The only added expense is the cost of the paper and fabric paint when you design and make your own T-shirts. Apply the Pattern: Align your pattern on the fabric, shiny side down. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Step 3 – Weed and Transfer. I then inserted cardboard inside the shirt. Best for T-shirts: Photo Paper Direct Premium Iron-On White and Light Color T-Shirt Transfer Papers at Amazon ($9) Jump to Review. First, heat up your iron to medium and no steam. May 1, 2022 · Today, we will be making DIY freezer paper transfers and using them to ReCreate a few thrifted items. Peek inside the seam allowance and line up the hash marks on each side of the two pieces. Method 4 & 5 – Printing on Ribbons or Paper Backed Fabric Sheets. You can peak to see if you've rubbed enough. Press with your iron for 10 to 15 seconds Jun 6, 2017 · Karen shares how to use freezer paper for quilting The freezer paper has a paper side and a shiny, waxy side. Mar 26, 2014 · About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright We demonstrate how to print on fabric using a basic inkjet printer and Freezer Paper. Oct 15, 2023 · 1. They are great for piecing, appliqueing or any freezer-paper technique. If you’re making tea towels it’s helpful to fold the towel first. It can also be used to transfer patterns to fabric since it is slightly translucent. Use whatever you want it to transfer on to. Then, cut the fabric out after it has cooled, leaving a small seam allowance, usually 1/4″-3/8″. Next, iron the piece of freezer paper to the cotton fabric with its shiny side down until the paper is fused to the fabric. It allows you to transfer colorful and vibrant designs onto white or pastel-colored fabrics with ease. Step 3: Cut around the image and remove excess paper. Be careful not to rub too hard and tear the image. I will be explaining two methods:- Cutting Freezer Paper on its own- Cutting Freezer Pape Oct 10, 2016 · Reverse wordings. 6 Methods “How To Print Images On Fabric Without Transfer Paper”. To find the center on your pillowcase fold it in half each way and crease it with your fingers or iron -it will leave an indent that will quickly iron out later. Step 5: Iron on the Image. Each sheet measures 8. Once all the paper has been removed, seal the image with a light coat of Mod Podge to seal the image to the cloth. The shiny side is the side that sticks to your fabric. Feb 6, 2015 · I have had good luck with using 505 fabric adhesive sprayed unto a sheet of white card stock and then adhering a piece of white fabric to that. Paint Fabric with the Freezer Paper Method. 5 x 11 inches). Place the shiny side of the backing paper over the fabric. I did read later that if you spray the fabric with hairspray before you wet it you'll get a better transfer with less running. 3 – Choose fabric with a high thread count to ensure better printing. 99 Save 30% off One Regular Price Item with code 300126240 - Exclusions apply Quickview. Set the transferred image face-down on the fabric. (This is why it’s a good idea to leave a wide margin of freezer paper around the drawing. You will need freezer paper, 8 1/2" x 11" paper, spray adhesive, ink jet printer and your imagination. Join me to see how I trace pattern pieces using freezer paper for wool appliqué. From Blumenthal Craft. Iron the freezer paper onto the fabric for a crisp, clean label. Handy! Finally, people use freezer paper for this appliqué method. In addition, sublimation paper creates permanent prints, while heat transfer paper creates a layer on the surface of the substrate, which is durable but not permanent. 1 m x 381 mm Plastic Coated Freezer Paper. A simple and efficient method to personalize your products. Nov 18, 2019 · Now, you can even wash the fabric and the image won’t wash off. Precision counts here! 2. After the Fray Check dried I purposely frayed the edges to get a soft edge. The high heat will easily bind the fabric to the freezer paper, but work quickly and carefully so as not to burn the fabric. …. Reynolds Freezer Paper. After you have cut out your design, iron the freezer paper onto the top of your fabric, shiny side down. Pear Study Pattern: https://www. Nov 30, 2023 · Fold it, keeping it on grain, with the wrong side facing up. Now you have your image on the wax paper. Feb 7, 2014 · Now, with your iron set to high heat and no steam, iron the freezer paper onto the fabric. 2. . Step 1. CREATE beautiful soft and washable quilts, cushions and craft projects. The images are printed onto fabric transfer paper, which can then be transferred onto the fabric, usually using heat (a basic iron usually works fine). You could use any material that is heavy but won’t block the UV rays. Oct 22, 2023 - There are literally hundreds of tutorials out there for using an ink jet printer to transfer images and text onto fabric. IMPORTANT: Do not reverse…or add seam allowances on this step. After the weeding is done we’re ready to transfer the freezer paper stencil to your fabric. Ironing Board. Mostly on my first transfer. This drawing should be the finished size of the pieces you want to applique. To press the paper with the fabric using a glass block that does not block UV rays. Step 1 – Design Space. I haven’t decided what I’m doing with this one yet. It’s like magic! 6. Heat up your iron and run it over the fabric first. Insert the freezer paper into the printer so that it prints on the wax side. When quilting, freezer paper can be used for fabric applique on top of the quilt. Instead of drawing all the patte Sep 5, 2011 · Mist the area, 2-3 sprays, then lay the page down. The heat of the iron will melt into your fabric (but still peel off easily later; test a swatch first if you’re worried about it). Jun 14, 2017 · If you’re into stenciling, freezer paper is one of those tools that can drastically simplify the process of transferring a design onto the fabric of your choice. Transfer the design to the fabric using a stylus or empty ball-point marking pen. 5" x 11" just before ironing the fabric to the freezer paper, then cut the fabric stuck to the freezer paper to 8. Related: How Heat transfer paper can be used on both light and dark-colored fabrics. Method 6 – Using a Fabric Marker on Linen. 5x11 Inches for Any Inkjet Printer with Sublimation Ink for DIY T-shirts, Mugs, Light Fabric, Puzzle, Mouse Pad Aug 24, 2015 · Freezer paper makes the fabric act like paper. be/tcuYRT3ejG8 but printing it directly on to yo Jun 21, 2007 · Hiipoo Heat Transfer Paper 8. Method 2: Using “Freezer Paper”. It can be used to create the graphic for a screen Mar 15, 2019 · Once pre-treated, then adhere the fabric to a piece of freezer paper. It can be used for creating stencils for fabric painting, quilting, and even paper crafting. Cut the fabric to the size of the freezer paper, keeping the edges neat. The heat of the iron fuses the stencil to your fabric. Buy it. Step three: Iron the cut-out freezer paper on to your fabric. Paint over stencil. 5" x 11". Set iron on the highest setting. Be sure you run the iron over each edge to ensure each side is joined together. Mar 18, 2019 · Learn how to print on fabric super easy, using transfer paper and a household iron. Aug 8, 2022 · Freezer paper is most commonly used for sewing and quilting, but it can also be used for other crafts like stenciling, decals, iron-on transfers, and more. Cut off loose threads on any fabric. This will join the freezer paper and fabric together, allowing both to pass through your printer. These reusable sheets lie flat and do not require ironing. The freezer paper adheres, ensuring accuracy during cutting. CHOOSE an image from your own digital or scanned image. Rub it in gently with your finger (Citrasolv is all-natural) May 19, 2020 · On my Cricut Explore, I typically go with Bonded Fabric or Bonded Cotton and “Default” pressure. Center the transfer paper over the fabric having the waxy ink toward the fabric, and place the pattern on top of the transfer paper. Press your seam allowances on top of the template. Feb 20, 2019 · Lift the transfer tape and freezer paper from the mat and position onto your pre-ironed t-shirt. This acts as a barrier between the iron and the design. Heat Set Paint on your Fabric and General Care. Nov 13, 2018 · Use an 8 1/2″ x 11″ piece of card stock as a template to trim around both the freezer paper and the fabric. com/product/pear-study-pattern Nov 1, 2022 · Transfer quilting designs using freezer paper templates. Project Type Learn a Technique. If you like creating your own designs, or found something on the internet you want to recreate or resize, freezer paper templates are a super easy DIY option. Epson Expression. If you threw away your backing paper or want to fuse it all in one go, cut a piece of freezer paper. Some while ago Sep 7, 2011 · This tutorial will show you how to transfer an image from your inkjet printer, onto freezer paper, and then onto fabric. Feb 14, 2024 · Freezer Paper // Transfer Paper // Felt Tracing, Felt Fabric Stitching, Pattern Tracing, Felt Crafts, DIY Felt Projects, Felt Flowers sewzeeq5 Nov 20, 2021 5 out of 5 stars Feb 19, 2020 · In PART 1 of this video series, "How to Transfer an Image Using Freezer Paper", I demonstrate how to make freezer paper sheets that you can insert into the r Feb 13, 2023 · Use high-quality freezer paper to ensure the label is durable and will stay in place when washed. Hints & tips – using freezer paper. Mar 8, 2022 · Tape together pattern pieces that match up, such as the sleeve top and sleeve bottom, using the original pattern as a guide. This type of transfer paper works best on fabrics that have a high cotton content or are made from natural fibers. You will print the image on the waxy side. The first in a new series of quick tip videos!I'm working on paper pieced placemat and I wanted to use freezer paper for it. 5x11" Iron-on Transfer Paper for T-Shirt 25 Sheets Printable and Washable Dark Transfer Paper for Inkjet Printer dummy Sublimation Paper Heat Transfer Paper 110 Sheets 8. Choose a fabric pen with waterproof ink if you plan to wash the quilt afterwards. Go to pixabay. Once the design is cut on the freezer paper - weed out the middle. Preheat your iron on medium-high heat. Next, to position the stencil made of freezer paper, you’ll need to place the shiny side against the fabric. Turn the fabric edges against the edge of the freezer paper template, and clip or notch as needed. Fabric is soft to touch and washable. Related post: Tips to make printing permanent. You can use it to create pattern templates that are reusable. Epson printers are popular for printing onto fabric. a. Best for Inkjet Printers: Jetpro Softstretch Heat Transfer Paper at Amazon ($61) Jump to Review. Then flip it over and press the seam in the A or B direction. Freezer paper. Print on the fabric! Now change your printer settings to “photo” for best results. Or for a quick and no-fuss method, simply use commercial fabric sheets such as EQ Printables which are already pre-treated and adhered to a paper backing. Mar 15, 2017 · However, freezer paper has many more uses. Oct 6, 2023 · Step 2: Place on Fabric And Press. This 18-inch-wide roll delivers Jun 11, 2017 - Explore Rachel Loera's board "Freezer Paper Crafts", followed by 697 people on Pinterest. These fabric sheets are my preferred method for printing standard size prints and will give you a fabulous result every time. b. May 7, 2017 · There are many ways to get an embroidery design or pattern onto fabric, as Bonnie has shown at https://youtu. 5 x 11 inches. Place your freezer paper shiny side down onto the fabric. Method 3 – Using a personalized stamp on fabric or ribbon. The design possibilities are endless! This design is a really simple easy word, but it looks great on a pillow! Jun 27, 2020 · Press the piece of fabric onto the shiny side of the freezer paper, aligning each corner closely as possible. Light fabric transfer paper is specifically designed for use on light-colored fabrics. Make sure you pre-wash and iron the fabric you will be stenciling on for best results. Cover your fabric with mod podge, print an image on to photo paper, and press the image face down into the mod podge to transfer the image. Make sure all edges are straight. d. Ensure that the corners of each facet line up together. {I had a couple spots where I can tell the paper must have shifted. Press the waxy side of the freezer paper to the back of the fabric. Lightly press on top of the freezer paper with a hot dry iron to adhere. When you’re done cutting the fabric on your Cricut, press the Unload button to eject the mat and remove the cut pieces from the mat. Keep an eye on it as it cuts. Trace using window or light box. Make sure to smooth it out and that the paint doesn’t go over the outer edge of the freezer paper. And make sure the top of your design is at the fold. Freezer Paper: Fabric transfers can be done using Transfer your own sketches onto the front of plain T-shirts to sell, give as gifts or wear yourself, using a little freezer paper. Jul 13, 2020 · Buy: Kim Diehl's Best Applique Freezer Paper. Toggle. Cut out the pieces, and lay them on top of your fabric. This shows the image still attached to the paper. Then attach the fabric to the waxy side of the freezer paper using an iron. Press fabric to the shiny side of the freezer paper. Cut a piece of freezer paper the size of a sheet of printer paper. Method 1: Using “Photo Transfer Paper”. Cut fabric and paper slightly larger than 8. c. Check to make sure it adhered everywhere. Once the fabric is printed, pull off the freezer paper and iron the back side of the fabric with a warm (not hot) iron. In all cases – the freezer paper will peel right off when you’re done. May 8, 2012 · Lay out your fabric (or whatever surface you're transferring to) and moisten it a bit with water. Press the fabric to the vinyl with the paper as your press cloth. And I swear, I’ve tried them all. High heat can melt or distort the transferred design. Press in one spot for five seconds to avoid stretching the fabric. Treat the fabric first with Bubble Jet to make it colorfast. But make sure you're not moving the sheet around. Learn how to make beautiful Freezer Paper Stencils with your Cricut. Set your iron to the appropriate setting for your fabric. Jan 18, 2016 · The C&T Publishing Quilter's Freezer Paper Sheets are handy, printable and the perfect size for printing patterns or templates in an inkjet or an all-in-one printer. Use an iron on cotton setting (no steam!) or your heat press for just a few seconds to apply the freezer paper stencil to the shirt. With my printer, printing the freezer paper by itself caused a paper jam and a big inky mess. Step 4: Place the image face down in position on the fabric. Sep 1, 2011 · You can actually print on fabric with an inkjet printer if it is cut to paper size and ironed onto freezer paper (waxy side). Sep 25, 2012 · Gather your supplies: Wax Paper and scissors. Feb 14, 2015 · Print your design (be sure to reverse it!) using the “high” or “best” quality setting of your printer. What You Will Need: Inkjet Printer – I use the Epson Expression Home XP-430. Once your freezer paper pieces are ready, iron each piece on your fabric (shiny side down). Cut a piece of freezer paper to the size of standard printer paper (8. Transfer and save it to your Mar 22, 2019 · Image printed on fabric using label paper. Simply trace or print your pattern onto the dull side of the freezer Nov 5, 2018 · In this video i show you how to cut fabric with your Cricut explore machine using freezer paper to stabilize it. This makes making your own pillows and t-shits more appealing. (Spray starch or Terial Magic can help!) May 12, 2021 · Make sure the fabric has no air bubbles and it’s firmly pressed to the freezer paper all around the edges. Method 1. Cut the wax paper to about the width of a regular sheet of paper. 76 for 50 sq ft/ 4. 1. Let me tell you a little story about my own experiences with these two methods. Iron in place. Method 2 – Using heat transfer paper. I just took a wet washcloth and dabbed it all over the material, but a spray bottle would work too. Using fabric scissors, cut along the edges of the piece of paper, then make Oct 9, 2019 · Trim the edges to match the size of the paper. com or any free photo sharing site and select a free photo you want to print on fabric or take your own original photographs. Freezer paper has a shiny side and a dull side. Sew together Section 1 and Section 2. Load the wax paper into the printer and hit print! It helps if you put the concave curving side down, I find. Peel away the heat transfer tape. 🙂. The ink will sit on top of the wax and not soak into the paper making it possible to transfer the image to the fabric towels. Here are seven (7) ways to transfer your embroidery design to fabric. To piece your facets, place RIGHT SIDES together (freezer paper will be inside the fabric sandwich). Many of them are based on the premise of using freezer/wax paper through the printer so that the ink beads up and then can be transferred toRead more I start with a big piece of freezer paper. Put the shiny side of the freezer paper over the fabric. For the photo to print successfully, ensure your fabric is pressed without any wrinkles (likely requires ironing). Oct 12, 2018 · 4. Now take the paper and place it on the special sun printing fabric. You can see the tiny beads of ink in the photo below. Print your label template on regular paper to practice and make sure it looks the way you want it to. Freezer paper is a great tool for sewing and crafting. ) onto wood with Citrasolv concentrate: Dampen a cotton ball or paper towel with some of the Citrasolv. Scissors. May 6, 2021 · Step 2 – Mat Arrangements & Cutting Process. Choose fabric with a high thread count to ensure better printing. Both should be the size of a piece of paper. Dec 3, 2022 · Freezer paper is a special type of paper that is coated with a waxy substance that adheres to fabric when heated. Then I trim and run it through my printer. I will share tips for creating quality transfers along Oct 18, 2021 · Before attaching the freezer paper, soak the fabric in a commercial product to help the fabric set and better absorb the ink. westcoastwool. Carefully remove the freezer paper. 3. Set the ink by placing your fabric in the dryer for 10-15 minutes before washing. Be sure that it is straight and centered. Place the printed freezer paper onto your fabric, shiny side down. Grab your design and the fabric you plan to jolee's boutique® iron-on transfer paper for white fabric $24. Sep 22, 2010 · Simply trace your pattern pieces onto the freezer paper, making sure to transfer all of your markings, such as darts or placement circles. Feb 7, 2021 · Let dry (about 1 hour). 1 – The freezer paper can be used many many many times over! 2 – This is a good way to transfer embroidery designs, as long as they are small enough to fit through your machine. Using the Freezer paper to make the clothing labels. The transfer paper is clear, so you don’t have to get right up to the edge for an intricate pattern. Tutorial For Fabric: This paper is perfect for creating delicate designs on fabrics, and w In this video, we're going to show you the best way to use light fabric transfer paper. This is my favorite of all of the transfer methods if the fabric is light weight enough to see the design to trace, using a Frixiron pen to transfer the pattern to fabric. Press an iron at a low temperature (without steam). Heat transfer sheets (Iron on transfer sheets) The heat transfer sheet is a special polymer-coated paper which is used to make a copy of your favourite photograph with a color laser copier or printer and then it is heat set onto fabric. Use an iron to press it onto the fabric. Spray your paper with spray adhesive and lay on the "paper side" of your freezer paper leaving the waxy side exposed. Press the flashing button to begin your cut. On the dull side of the paper, draw out your entire design. Use even pressure to iron over the freezer paper and transfer the image Apr 1, 2015 · Just a question could you print the pattern onto fabric without photoshop or which photo shop app have you got. Start by cutting a piece of freezer paper to the size of a piece of printer paper, then iron the cotton fabric to smooth out any wrinkles. Once the ink has dried, remove the fabric label from the freezer paper and press the label with a hot, dry iron to set the ink. Epson Durabrite ink for your printer – I use Epson durabrite ink. Not just for wrapping meats, Reynolds freezer paper is a go-to tool for crafters. Melange Team. See more ideas about freezer paper, freezer paper stenciling, freezer paper crafts. But even if you printed on the wrong side of the paper, it’s ok! You can then turn the paper so the fabric Jan 20, 2011 · According to Google Definitions: Freezer paper or “grease proof paper” in the UK, is paper with a waxy finish on one side. Method 4: Using “Heat Transfer”. The paper will adhere gently to the fabric. Oct 17, 2011 · 1. Step 2 – Mat Arrangements & Cutting Process. Easy-peasy. Trim the excess freezer paper using sissors. This Epson printer can be a great choice for printing photos and other images. Iron Inside Out: To protect the design, iron the fabric from the reverse side or place a thin cloth or parchment paper over the design. Your pattern will tell you how to arrange the pieces on your fabric for the best fit. Lightly wet the back of the paper and begin the rubbing process to remove the paper as shown previously, leaving the image visible. Then, gently press down on the iron as you smooth it over the fabric. Jul 5, 2018 · Applying the Freezer Paper Stencil to Fabric. Iron. 64 m sq 12. Load this into your ink jet printer and print as normal. ===Rubyjam Fabric is a family owned business based in Sydney, Australi Jul 9, 2023 · Low Heat Setting: Set your iron to a low heat or delicate setting. Mar 24, 2023 · How to print on freezer paper with Inkjet. Now you need to find a piece of cloth, pillow, t shirt or cutting board similar to what we used.
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